Findings from the National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS) 2001 - 2002
A Demographic and Employment Profile of United States Farm Workers
Appendix B: Index of Means and Percentages of Key Variables
Note: Sum of all portions may not equal 100 percent because of rounding.
|
Chapter 1 Variables |
Mean or Percentage
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Place of Birth |
100% |
|
Mexico |
75% |
|
|
United States (including Puerto Rico) |
23% |
|
|
Central America |
2% |
|
|
Other Country |
1% |
|
|
|
||
|
Mexico Sending Region |
States in Region |
100% |
|
Agricultural Northwest |
Baja California, Sinaloa, Sonora |
7% |
|
Northwest |
Chihuahua, Coahuila |
2% |
|
Northeast |
Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas |
8% |
|
Core North Central |
Durango, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes |
4% |
|
Core Northeast |
San Luis Potosi, Queretaro, Hidalgo |
8% |
|
Pacific Central |
Nayarit, Colima |
3% |
|
West Central |
Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacan |
46% |
|
Urban Federal District |
Estado de Mexico, Mexico Distrito Federal |
3% |
|
Pacific South |
Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas |
11% |
|
Gulf |
Yucatan, Campeche, Tabasco, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Morelos, Veracruz, Quintana Roo |
9% |
|
Ethnicity |
100% |
|
|
Mexican American |
7% |
|
|
Mexican |
72% |
|
|
Chicano |
1% |
|
|
Other Hispanic |
3% |
|
|
Not Hispanic or Latino |
16% |
|
|
|
||
|
Race |
100% |
|
|
White |
41% |
|
|
Black or African American |
4% |
|
|
American Indian / Alaskan Native / Indigenous |
8% |
|
|
Asian |
<1% |
|
|
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander |
<1% |
|
|
Other |
47% |
|
|
Foreign-born Workers: |
100% |
|
|
Years Passed Since First U.S. Arrival |
|
|
|
<1 |
22% |
|
|
1 - 2 |
11% |
|
|
3 - 4 |
9% |
|
|
5 - 9 |
16% |
|
|
10 - 14 |
13% |
|
|
15 + |
29% |
|
|
|
||
|
Foreign-born Workers: |
|
|
|
Years Passed Since First U.S. Arrival, by Place of Birth |
|
|
|
Mexico |
10 |
|
|
Central America |
5 |
|
|
|
||
|
Foreign-born Newcomers: |
|
|
|
Share Among All Crop Workers |
16% |
|
|
|
||
|
Employment Eligibility (All Workers) |
100% |
|
|
Work authorized |
47% |
|
|
Citizens |
25% |
|
|
Legal permanent residents |
21% |
|
|
Other |
1% |
|
|
Unauthorized |
53% |
|
|
|
||
|
Migrant Types |
100% |
|
|
Settled (non migrant) |
58% |
|
|
Migrant |
42% |
|
|
Foreign-born newcomer |
16% |
|
|
International shuttle |
13% |
|
|
International follow-the-crop |
2% |
|
|
Domestic shuttle |
6% |
|
|
Domestic follow-the-crop |
6% |
|
|
|
||
|
Chapter 2 Variables |
Mean or Percentage
|
|---|---|
|
Gender is Male |
79% |
|
|
|
|
Age |
33 |
|
|
|
|
Age cohorts |
100% |
|
14 - 17 |
6% |
|
18 - 19 |
5% |
|
20 - 24 |
20% |
|
25 - 34 |
30% |
|
35 - 44 |
20% |
|
45 - 54 |
12% |
|
55 - 64 |
6% |
|
65 + |
1% |
|
|
|
|
Age by Demographic Characteristics |
|
|
All Crop Workers |
33 |
|
Foreign-born |
|
|
All Foreign-born |
32 |
|
|
|
|
Authorized Foreign-born |
40 |
|
Unauthorized Foreign-born |
28 |
|
|
|
|
Newcomers |
24 |
|
Arrived more than year ago |
34 |
|
|
|
|
Born in Mexico |
32 |
|
Born in Central American country |
28 |
|
|
|
|
U.S.-born |
|
|
All U.S.-born |
36 |
|
|
|
|
African American |
43 |
|
White |
36 |
|
Hispanic |
33 |
|
|
|
|
Family Type |
100% |
|
Married parent |
45% |
|
Married, no children |
12% |
|
Unmarried parent |
6% |
|
Single, no children |
37% |
|
|
|
|
Number of Children of Parent Respondents |
|
|
Average |
2 |
|
|
|
|
Number of children |
100% |
|
1 |
31% |
|
2 |
33% |
|
3 |
20% |
|
4 |
10% |
|
5 |
3% |
|
6 |
2% |
|
7+ |
1% |
|
|
|
|
Cohabitation of Parent and Minor Children |
100% |
|
Parent lives with all minor children |
61% |
|
Parent lives away from all minor children |
37% |
|
Parent lives with some of minor children |
2% |
|
|
|
|
Crop Worker: Unity with / Separation from Nuclear Family |
100% |
|
Accompanied (lives with at least one nuclear family member) |
43% |
|
Unaccompanied (living away from all nuclear family) |
57% |
|
|
|
|
Among unaccompanied |
100% |
|
Single, no children |
61% |
|
Parents |
31% |
|
Married, no children |
8% |
|
Chapter 3 Variables |
Mean or Percentage
|
|---|---|
|
Native Language |
100% |
|
Spanish |
81% |
|
English |
18% |
|
Other |
2% |
|
|
|
|
Education |
|
|
Highest grade completed |
7th |
|
|
|
|
Years of Schooling |
100% |
|
No schooling |
4% |
|
1st - 3rd grade |
13% |
|
4th - 7th grade |
38% |
|
8th - 11th grade |
28% |
|
12th grade |
13% |
|
13 + years |
5% |
|
|
|
|
Highest grade completed by place of birth |
|
|
United States |
11th |
|
All foreign-born |
6th |
|
|
|
|
Participation in adult education in the U.S. (lifetime) |
20% |
|
|
|
|
Type of adult education (multiple responses) |
|
|
English |
10% |
|
GED |
5% |
|
College or university |
3% |
|
Citizenship class |
2% |
|
Job training |
2% |
|
Other |
1% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ability to Speak English |
100% |
|
Not at all |
44% |
|
A little |
26% |
|
Some |
6% |
|
Well |
24% |
|
|
|
|
Ability to Read English |
100% |
|
Not at all |
53% |
|
A little |
20% |
|
Some |
6% |
|
Well |
22% |
|
|
|
Chapter 4 Variables |
Mean or Percentage
|
|---|---|
|
Farm Employers |
|
|
Average No. of farm employers in previous year |
1.43 |
|
|
|
|
Number of farm employers in previous year |
100% |
|
1 |
72% |
|
2 |
18% |
|
3 |
6% |
|
4 |
2% |
|
5 + |
1% |
|
|
|
|
Time Employed and Not Employed in Previous Year |
|
|
Activity Weeks (excluding foreign-born newcomers) |
|
|
farm work |
34 |
|
non farm work |
5 |
|
in the United States but not working |
9 |
|
outside of the United States |
4 |
|
|
|
|
Number of Farm Workdays in Previous Year |
|
|
All workers |
174 |
|
All authorized workers |
185 |
|
All unauthorized workers |
165 |
|
Foreign-born newcomers |
90 |
|
|
|
|
U.S. Farm Work Experience |
|
|
(excluding foreign-born newcomers) |
|
|
Average number of years of U.S. farm work |
12 |
|
|
|
|
Number of years of U.S. farm work |
100% |
|
0 - 1 |
8% |
|
2 - 4 |
24% |
|
5 - 10 |
26% |
|
11 - 20 |
23% |
|
21 + |
18% |
|
Employment Plans and Expectations |
|
|
Number of years planning to do farm work |
|
|
Less than 1 |
4% |
|
1 - 3 |
12% |
|
4 - 5 |
5% |
|
More than 5 |
6% |
|
More than 5 and as long as able |
66% |
|
Other |
7% |
|
|
|
|
Crop worker believes could obtain non-farm job in one month |
100% |
|
Yes |
37% |
|
No |
42% |
|
Not sure |
21% |
|
|
|
Chapter 5 Variables |
Mean or Percentage
|
|---|---|
|
Employer Type |
100% |
|
Employer is a grower (direct hire) |
79% |
|
Employer is a farm labor contractor |
21% |
|
|
|
|
Primary Crop at Current Farm Job |
100% |
|
Fruit and nut |
34% |
|
Vegetable |
31% |
|
Horticultural |
18% |
|
Field |
14% |
|
Miscellaneous |
4% |
|
|
|
|
Primary Task at Current Farm Job |
100% |
|
Pre-harvest |
16% |
|
Harvest |
30% |
|
Post-harvest |
9% |
|
Technical production |
17% |
|
Other |
27% |
|
|
|
|
How Obtained Current Farm Job |
100% |
|
Applied on own |
26% |
|
Referred by friend, relative, or fellow worker |
70% |
|
Recruited by grower, foreman, or labor contractor |
3% |
|
|
|
|
Years Working for Current Farm Employer |
|
|
Average number of years |
4 |
|
|
|
|
Number of years |
100% |
|
0 - 1 |
35% |
|
2 - 3 |
28% |
|
4 - 5 |
13% |
|
6 - 7 |
7% |
|
8 - 9 |
4% |
|
10 + |
13% |
|
|
|
|
Seasonality of Current Farm Job |
100% |
|
Year-round |
60% |
|
Seasonal |
25% |
|
Not sure |
15% |
|
|
|
|
Hours Worked in Previous Week at |
|
|
Current Farm Job |
42 |
|
|
|
|
Basis for Pay, Current Farm Job |
100% |
|
By the hour |
79% |
|
By the piece |
16% |
|
Combination, hourly and piece |
3% |
|
Salary |
2% |
|
|
|
|
Hourly Wage at Current Farm Job |
$7.25 |
|
|
|
|
Cash Bonus Given |
100% |
|
Yes |
22% |
|
No |
65% |
|
Not sure |
13% |
|
|
|
|
Type of Cash Bonus (when given) |
|
|
(multiple responses) |
|
|
Holiday bonus |
51% |
|
Incentive award |
12% |
|
Bonus contingent on employer's profits |
5% |
|
End-of-season payment |
32% |
|
Transportation stipend |
1% |
|
Other |
5% |
|
|
|
|
Eligible for Unemployment Insurance |
100% |
|
Yes |
39% |
|
No |
54% |
|
Not sure |
8% |
|
|
|
|
Covered by Workers' Compensation |
100% |
|
Yes |
48% |
|
No |
20% |
|
Not sure |
31% |
|
|
|
|
Covered by Health Insurance |
100% |
|
Yes |
23% |
|
No |
76% |
|
|
|
|
Source of Health Insurance (for those covered) |
100% |
|
Current farm employer |
46% |
|
Government |
19% |
|
Self, spouse, or family |
15% |
|
Spouse's employer |
12% |
|
Other |
7% |
|
|
|
|
Housing Arrangement during Current Farm Job |
100% |
|
Rents from non employer |
58% |
|
Employer provides for free |
17% |
|
Rents from employer |
4% |
|
Worker or worker's family owns |
19% |
|
Stays for free with family or friend |
2% |
|
|
|
|
Housing Location during Current Farm Job |
100% |
|
Off farm, non employer administered |
80% |
|
Off farm, employer administered |
6% |
|
On farm |
14% |
|
|
|
|
Housing Type during Current Farm Job |
100% |
|
Single family home or unit |
55% |
|
Apartment |
22% |
|
Trailer or mobile home |
16% |
|
Dormitory or barracks |
3% |
|
Duplex / conjoined multifamily structure |
2% |
|
Motel / hotel |
1% |
|
|
|
|
Daily Worksite Availability of |
|
|
Drinking water and disposable cups |
80% |
|
Water for washing hands |
95% |
|
Toilet |
93% |
|
|
|
|
Mode of Transportation to Current Farm Job |
100% |
|
Drives a car |
42% |
|
Walks |
8% |
|
Rides in car with others |
35% |
|
Rides a labor bus |
8% |
|
Pays a driver "Raitero" |
7% |
|
|
|
|
Tools and Equipment (when they are utilized) Paid by: |
|
|
Employer |
84% |
|
Worker |
12% |
|
Both |
3% |
|
Chapter 6 Variables |
Mean or Percentage
|
|---|---|
|
Individual Income, All U.S. Sources, Previous Calendar Year |
|
|
Average individual income range |
$10,000 - $12,499 |
|
|
|
|
Individual income range |
100% |
|
$0 - $999 |
2% |
|
$1,000 - $2,499 |
4% |
|
$2,500 - $4,999 |
7% |
|
$5,000 - $7,499 |
11% |
|
$7,500 - $9,999 |
14% |
|
$10,000 - $12,499 |
19% |
|
$12,500 - $14,999 |
15% |
|
$15,000 - $17,499 |
9% |
|
$17,500 - $19,999 |
7% |
|
$20,000 - $24,999 |
6% |
|
$25,000 - $29,999 |
4% |
|
$30,000 + |
3% |
|
|
|
|
Family Income, All U.S. Sources, Previous Calendar Year |
|
|
Average family income range |
$15,000 - $17,499 |
|
|
|
|
Family income range |
100% |
|
$0 - $999 |
2% |
|
$1,000 - $2,499 |
3% |
|
$2,500 - $4,999 |
5% |
|
$5,000 - $7,499 |
7% |
|
$7,500 - $9,999 |
11% |
|
$10,000 - $12,499 |
15% |
|
$12,500 - $14,999 |
13% |
|
$15,000 - $17,499 |
8% |
|
$17,500 - $19,999 |
9% |
|
$20,000 - $24,999 |
9% |
|
$25,000 - $29,999 |
7% |
|
$30,000 + |
13% |
|
|
|
|
Assets Owned or Buying in the United States |
|
|
(all workers, multiple responses) |
|
|
Plot of land |
4% |
|
Home |
17% |
|
Mobile home |
3% |
|
Car or truck |
49% |
|
|
|
|
Assets Owned or Buying in a Foreign Country |
|
|
(foreign-born workers, multiple responses) |
|
|
Plot of land |
7% |
|
Home |
43% |
|
Mobile home |
0% |
|
Car or truck |
3% |
|
|
|
|
Households Receiving Payments from |
|
|
Contribution-Based Programs (last two years) |
|
|
Unemployment Insurance |
21% |
|
Social Security |
2% |
|
Disability Insurance |
1% |
|
|
|
|
Households Receiving Benefits from |
|
|
Needs-Based Programs (last two years) |
|
|
Medicaid |
15% |
|
Women Infants and Children (WIC) |
11% |
|
Food Stamps |
8% |
|
Public Housing |
1% |
 |
 |
 |
|
|
| |
|
|